How do piston rings work ?

As explained, there are different types of rings at different levels in the piston, which perform different tasks.
The uppermost groove of the piston consists of a compression ring whose main function is to seal any leaks within the combustion chamber during combustion.
When the air-fuel mixture is ignited, pressure from the combustion gases is applied to the piston head, forcing the piston toward the Crankshaft.

The pressurized gas passes through the gap between the cylinder wall and the piston and enters the Piston Ring grooves.

During the combustion process, the force of high-pressure gas presses the piston ring against the cylinder liner wall, thereby forming an effective seal. The pressure pushing the piston rings is proportional to the combustion gas pressure.

The next set of rings in the piston, below the compression ring and above the oil ring, are called wipers.

They have a tapered structure to further seal the combustion chamber. As the name suggests, they help remove excess oil and impurities from the liner walls. If any combustion gases are able to pass through the compression ring, these gases will be well blocked by the dust ring.

The last set of rings are the oil rings, located in the grooves on the bottom of the piston closest to the crankcase. The main function of the oil ring is to scrape excess oil off the Cylinder Liner wall when the piston moves.

Most of the wiped oil is directed to the crankcase and back to the oil pan. These oil rings have springs mounted on the rear of the four-stroke engine to provide extra push against the wiper bushings.

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Why do piston rings fail?

The combustion chamber exerts tremendous pressure on the piston rings. If the gas combustion pressure generated in the chamber is higher than usual, it may affect the performance of the ring.

This can be caused by fuel exploding or pinging from a leaking injector, or when fuel mixes with dirty air.

Contaminated fuel or the wrong grade of cylinder oil can also affect ring performance. As the rings begin to wear, their ability to seal in combustion gases will become apparent.

Poor fuel or cylinder oil quality, poor combustion process, incorrect fuel timing, worn cylinder liners, etc. are common causes of piston ring wear. The most common sign or sign of ring wear is the entry of gas into the crankcase or area beneath the piston, called blowby.

Sticky rings due to carbon or sludge deposits and broken or cracked rings due to wear.

Inspection items when inspecting piston rings
Inspecting the piston rings is an important task to determine if the piston rings are functioning properly and then clean or replace them if damaged or worn.

In a two-stroke engine, the port containing the top ring is usually located higher than the top ring groove in a four-stroke engine.

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