Modifications and Upgrades of crankshafts

Most production engines use a cast iron Crankshaft which is made by pouring molten iron into a mould. Forged crankshafts are used in some performance engines. A forged crankshaft is made by heating a block of steel until red hot, and then using extremely high pressure to form it into shape.

Once a crankshaft has been forged or cast, its journals and bearing surfaces are machined perfectly smooth. Oil passageways, or oilways, are drilled. Production engines will generally leave the webs with their original rough casting finish but performance engines will machine every part of the crankshaft to reduce oil drag.

The journals must be harder than their bearings to ensure that any wear occurs on the replaceable bearings and not the crankshaft, which should last for the lifetime of the engine. The manufacturing process will include hardening of these areas through nitriding or heat treatment.

Extremely high performance and custom crankshafts, are machined from a block of solid material, producing a billet crankshaft. Producing a one-off crankshaft by this process would cost a minimum of around $3,000 so it is reserved for competition racing and restoration situations.

Engine Parts crankshaft

Modifications and Upgrades
Crankshaft grinding
Journals wear over time. They may develop a rough surface, or become out-of-round or tapered. In these cases their surface can be restored in a process called crankshaft grinding. When a crankshaft is ground its journals will be reduced in diameter and so oversized, thicker bearings will need to be installed.

Stroker crankshafts
The cylinder capacity can be increased by moving the pistons over a longer stroke. The stroke of an engine is determined by the crank radius, being the distance of the rod journals from the main journals. A crankshaft with a larger crank radius will produce a longer stroke and a greater cylinder capacity - this is known as a stroker crankshaft. Shorter connecting rods will be required when a stroker crank is installed. Otherwise the pistons could travel too high in the cylinder - causing unacceptably higher compression or impacting on the cylinder roof.

Stroker crankshafts for frequently modified engines are sold in a kit with shorter connecting rods and pistons.

Offset grinding

An alternative to installing a stroker crankshaft is to grind the rod journals to a smaller size, at an offset - thus moving the center of the journal away from the crankshaft centerline. This is illustrated above.

It can be seen that by moving the center of the rod journal, the crank radius has been increased leading to a longer stroke. This is specialist machining and the increase in stroke that can be achieved will depend on the thickness of the journals.

Offset grinding

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